Insertion, Deletion, and Modification Anomalies Are Considered Bad An insertion anomaly is a situation that arises when one is prevented from inserting data into a relation because the complete primary key is not available. No part of a primary key can be null. Harrington (2009) points out that insertion anomalies …

Different Parameter Types in Database Cost Functions and Their Information Storage The cost function is part of the query cost optimization module of the database management system. Elmasri & Navathe (2015) indicate that the optimizer heuristic rules or query transformations are not the only dependencies used for …